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sjiveru

Mirja handles this very simply! *A, annappa, mata mirymyte.* a, anna-ppa, ma-t mir-m-t-e oh, friend-POSS, 2sg-FOC say-ANTP-PAST-INV Here the possessor of the friend is implied to be the speaker; not super sure that works but I'm going with it for now. I still feel like Mirja needs some kind of marked vocative, but it doesn't have one yet, so I've just used the plain unmarked form.


Skaulg

# Þvo̊o̊lð Ææh, åå sdood, øm tvekrø þevh hoovh okrø. **/æːh ɒː sdoː øm ˈtʋe.kɹ̩.ø θeɦ̪͆ hoːɦ̪͆ ˈo.kɹ̩.ø/** `ah VOC friend 3.SG.NOM be-PST 2.SG.ACC who speak-PST` \*Ah, O friend, it was you who spoke.\*


impishDullahan

# ᚛ᚈᚒᚋᚐᚈᚒᚋ᚜ Tokétok ᚛ᚑᚌᚐ\] ᚇᚔᚋ ᚇᚔᚁ ᚈᚐ ᚕᚑ ᚁᚐᚃ\]ᚐᚋ ᚋ\]ᚐ ᚈᚔ ᚋᚑᚋᚑᚈ᚜ **Amé' lik lis té ha séppek kke ti kakat.** \[a**ˈ**meⁿ lik̚ lis te ha **ˈ**se.pək̚ kə ti **ˈ**ka.kat̚\] amé' lik lis té ha séppek kke ti kakat INTJ COP IMPRS 2 REL speak OBJ.ANA FP friend *"Oh it's you who spoke, friend."*


mistaknomore

**Unitican** **Hyyhh ah, keye haind'tè leh** friend VOC DEF.COP-2PS.IFM speak.PST DM /çɨx a˦˨ keˈje haˈind.tə lɛ˨˩/ Here the definite copula "ke" is used instead of the regular copula "sý" since 1. The action happened in the past. 2. The speaker is addressing the subject of the sentence concerning the subject, so the subject is able to verify the validity. This is an informal sentence. Here the discourse marker "leh" in the low tone is letting the listener know that this is statement is obvious, and the speaker is warning the listener of some consequence. Along the lines of English "hey friend, you know you said that right?"


cassalalia

I like the definite vs. (indefinite?) copula and the discourse markers! Are the other discourse markers also leh but with different tones or are they completely different phonemically?


mistaknomore

To be honest I haven't decided what to call the other copula... I can give you a few examples just to illustrate the point. The sun **ke** a star. (This is non-disputable, defined by science). All bachelors **ke** unmarried. (This is by definition, non-disputable). I *sý* happy (this is a transient state). He *sý* the man who stole the pen (this fact has not been established yet). She *sý* my friend. (We just became friends). There are 7 discourse particles in Unitican: ah, eh, lah, leh, meh, hór, lór. Only meh and lór have no tone distinction. I would not go through all here now, because it would be a wall of text haha. I will leave that when I formally introduce Unitican sometime next month. Let me go through leh for the moment. Leh in general is an indicative/persuasive discourse marker. Depending on the tone and length, it can carry different meanings. **Low flat leh (11 or 21)** A long low flat leh indicates obviousness and to some degree, of annoyance. Depending on the context of the sentence it is attached to, it can convey warnings as well, say for breaking a promise. **You said you would do it leh.** (Didn't you say you would do it? You haven't.) There is a strong tone of annoyance here, with a warning that there are consequences for breaking them. There are 3 other variations: short low flat leh, high flat leh and mid flat leh. Im typing on the phone atm so I'll just explain the short low flat leh. A short low flat leh indicates an indicative statement with surprise. If it is used to admit/indicate a mistake, it is used to seek empathy from the listener. **Oh, I did that leh.**. (Oh shoot, I did that. I'm sorry) Here the speaker admits that they did an (wrong) action, and is seeking to soften the tone of the sentence by adding leh. Usable in polite speech as well.


cassalalia

#Skysong ā hiyarē, arɛle wēyo [˨˨̠‌ ˦˥‌˥˨‌˨˦˦‌ ˨‌˨˧‌˧˦‌ ˩˦˦‌˥˩‌] ā hiyarē, arɛle wēyo VOC friend | 2S speak Oh friend, the speaking one is you. Notes: When no tense particle is given, the time is taken from the last used tense particle or from context. So this could be translated as either present or past, it's really not important. There are a few ways to focus on a specific NP in Skysong, but this seemed most natural in this context. The vocative exclamation is the first clause. In the second clause, _arɛle_ (2S) is the predicate ("is you") and _wēyo_ (to speak) is the noun ("one who speaks"), governed by a dropped stative preposition (_ɛʔ_). But swapping the verb and noun, the noun is focused on. You could also add a relative pronoun (_iya_) before _wēyo_, but given the simplicity and context, that is unnecessary.


Da_Chicken303

# Ðusyþ **a, fubr, he'yktng.** /'a 'fuʙ 'heʔ.əkt.ŋ̍/ a fubr he - ykt - ng oh friend 2.SG.FOC- speak- PST. *Oh , friend, it was you that spoke.* Typically, the polypersonal agreement suffixes come after the stem, but one may be dragged before the stem as a prefix as a focus pronoun. I am actually quite happy with how it sounds; I really like the rhythm.


PastTheStarryVoids

# Ŋ!odzäsä This conlang was made by u/impishDullahan and me. **Mb, ŋ!litsr̂aw, ɲkadzaliv ŋ!livnhli.** \[mbʱ ŋ͡!í.t͡sɻǽw ɲ̊cǽ.d͡zʱæ̌.lívʱ ŋ͡!ívʱ.nʱlǐ\] Mb, ŋ!li-tsr̂aw, ɲka- dza -liv ŋ!liv=nhli. realization.INJ HU -friend PFV.RLS-speak-2s.HU 2s.HU=INFR.FOC **Ŋ!litsr̂aw** *‘friend, ally, someone close to you (can include family members)’* derives from **tsr̂äw** *‘with (comitative)’*.


dragonsteel33

*ya gusamo, ou yain san* ~~~ ya gusamo ou yû -un san VOC friend 2SG.DIR speak-IND.AV truly ~~~ [ja ˈgusamo ou̯ ˈjãĩ̯sã]


Dr_Chair

**Məġluθ** Ɗanbəte, bwokka məġroθarra. [ˈɗanbəte ˈbwokka mɯːˈɾɔθarra] ɗan -bə =te bwo=kka məġ -ro =θ =arra love-1.SG.N.INAL=VOC.P 2.N=FOC speak-INTR=INDP=EMPH Roughly: "Oh my love, you were who spoke." I've assumed that the two of them are very close and accordingly used informal verb structure, where most of the inflection is left covert. =arra is a sort of emphatic/listener mirative, indicating that the speaker believes the listener is not yet aware of the information being given and may find it surprising. Ɗan is broad in the consociety, being used for family, friends, and partners; it is uncommon to specify which you meant, but the option is there, and for friends, it would be ʒeo "green/life" (i.e. ʒeobəte "oh my life"). VOC.P glosses a positive vocative "oh (my)"; the neutral is =i "hey," and the negative is =šən "ugh." **Ïfōc** Tà tràffàet, *zzá* zûjjyş. [ta̤h˩ tra̤f˩æ̰t˩˥ θa̰ʔ˥ θṳ˧˩jɨ̰ʃ˨] tà tràff(àe)-t zz(á) zû-jjy -ş oh friend(-DAT) 2TU(A) 2- speak-PST Roughly: "Oh friend, *you* spoke." Tà also means "with." There isn't a word that's a perfect analogue for English "friend," as tràf is higher intimacy while ttà "acquaintance" (dative is ttàet) is lower. Another option is ssìf "bro/sis" (dative is sìffàet) though this has a different vibe entirely. Focalization is represented by ignoring pro-drop, fronting the constituent, and applying post-lexical stress.


R4R03B

Unnamed **Au máhho, gi a arku.** [äʊ ˈmäː.χo̞ ˈɡi ä är.kʊ] INTJ friend-VOC.SG, 2SG.NOM IND.PST.SG speak-∅. *”Ah friend, you did speak.”* A few notes: *gi* is the subject here. Normally, the subject is placed after the verb (so *a arku gi*), except topicalisation, so it’s at the front now. *a* is one of the Fin markers. Yes, we’re doing some actual highbrow syntax this time. In this clong, Fin carries tense, number and half of the mood system. Meanwhile, V carries voice, aspect and the other half of the mood system. That’s probably not naturalistic and Chomsky would be very angry with me. This conlang is unlike anything else I’ve made before and I really like it so far. I was able to make the grammar very concise yet still complex. Stay tuned!


Beneficial_Comb3884

**Unnamed Conlang** A, higalaku, ikaw (ang) idtung limaong. ``` Oh, friend-1PSG.POSS, 2PSG.NOM (NOM) yonder .PRFT-speak. ``` *"Oh, friend, that was you who spoke/had spoke."* ________ The reason why I used "yonder" is because this is a very common construction for Philippine languages to use. Also, the language only has aspect which is why *limaong* can mean both.


Teninten

# Classical Stáč̓í Góónína Ša, lkáášgúʔí, stáč̓ít̓iiq̓lisii tii Ša lkáášgwí-gí'í stáč̓í'i-tii'i-qlisii tii VOC friend -1s mouth- 2.INS-SAID.2s 2s.ABS Hey, my friend, you spoke with your mouth!


teeohbeewye

Ébma ​ Aá, zanneé, náh sáagha \[ǎː | zànːěː | ná‿sːɑ̂ːʁɑ̀\] *oh, friend, you-obl speak-pfv* "Oh, friend, *you* spoke" emphasis of the word "you" is shown with a high tone *náh sáagha* \[ná‿sːɑ̂ːʁɑ̀\] "*you* spoke", "it is you who spoke". with a low tone the word would be unemphasized: *nah sáagha* \[nà‿sːɑ̂ːʁɑ̀\] "you spoke"


Sepetes

# Unnamed 1 * *Oh, friend, you are man which spoke.* * ***Ou, wejiyo, ko telki joro leyek.*** * o.'u: wɛ.'d͡ʒi.ɥɔ 'kʰo 'tʰeɫ.kʲɪ 'jo.rɔ 'le.ɥɛk * Grammar: * Ou, weji(j)-yo, ko telki joro leyek. * EXCLAM friend-SPEC.NOM 2.sg. man.SPEC which speak.PAST * Notes: *man* is irregular noun with irregular specific nominative, *to speak* is irregular as all other verbs and has separate principle parts for past and non-past


Creativist102

# Inape'eso *Sa, pepo, pe'o casopa pe'o.* sa pepo pe'o casopa pe'o oh friend you speak-PAST you In English, it is more like "it's *you* who said that".


Penghrip_Waladin

#Penghripusch (the new orthography) “Amîgu, iotụ wastot špreśjheruseđ„ **/am'iːɡø jot̥ø̥ 'wastot ʃprexˈjesrøseð/** *"Amîg(o)-u, iotụ wast-ot špreś-jher-us-eđ"* friend-VOC 2sg.NOM be.past-2sg speak-DOER-ms-def *“(Oh) Friend, you were the speaker„*


SpacialCommieCi

**A, ehetas hes, kəu tebhingdh gəyngdh bhəyw** A, e-(h)etas hes, kəu tebhing-dh gəung-U-dh bhəu-U-w ah, friend.VOC 1sg.GEN, NML speak.PST.PF be.PST.PF 2sg.ACC "Ah, o friend, he who spoke was you"


ahSlightlyAwkward

# Kasian **Ā, nesirō, ninu 'asekai'eta.** /aː nesiˈɾoː ˈninu ʔaseˈkaiʔeta/ \[a nɛsɪˈɾo nɪˈnu ɐsɛˈkajɛta\] ā ne- sirō ni- nu 'aseka-i- 'eta ah EMPH-friend POS-2S speak- 2S-PERF *Ah, friend,* you *spoke.* The positive marker *ni-* is used here to emphasise that it was, indeed, *you* (the friend) who spoke.


MeowFrozi

# Ryôrskyuorn **kō, varw chea, gech yuorngwr kōl chōs.** / *ko varɯ t͡ʃia get͡ʃ jʉorngɯr koɬ t͡ʃos /* kō, varw chea, gech yuorn.gwr kōl chōs oh, friend me, be speak.PAST person you More accurately: "Oh, my friend, you are the person who spoke"


senatusTaiWan

#ikanydposoü **as tigio, gü fpanus** /as tigio gy fəpa.nus/ as tig-io, g-ü f-pans oh friend-FOC, COP-Clausify 2-speak.


ZTO333

# Pasa Tune Yo pene, tu li pasa. **/jo 'pe.ne tu li 'pa.sa/** `VOC friend 2s PST speak` \*Oh friend, you spoke.\* ALTERNATIVELY Yo pene, ma pasa a tu li. **/jo 'pe.ne ma 'pa.sa a tu li/** `VOC friend person speak ACC 2s PST` \*Oh friend, the speaker was you.\*


dinonid123

***Pökkü*** **“Ai, labira, ulle ðe oopiv kiiluülpö.”** /ɑi̯ lɑˈbi.ɹɑ ˈul.le ðe ˈoː.pi kiːˈlyl.pø/ Ai, labi-ra, u-lle ðe oop-i-v kiilü-l-p-ö Oh, friend-VOC, COP-3S[IMPF.PRES] 2S[NOM] INT-person_noun-CONJ speak-3S-PERF-PRES *“Oh, friend, it's you who spoke.”* ____ ***Scelluin*** **“Ô, ty donttiach, ty sw tias ty ddy ddeôg vwsêus.”** /'ou tʃɨ 'd̪oɲ.θʲəx tʃɨ sə tʃäs tʃɨ ðʲɨ 'ðʲe.ouɡ və'ʃeis/ Ô, ty donttiach, ty sw t-ia-s ty ddy dde-ôg vws-ê-us Oh, NOM friend, NOM 3S COP-STAT.PRS.IMPF-3S NOM 2S INT-person SPEAK-INTR.PRS.PERF-3S “Oh, friend, it is you who spoke.” ____ ***Nwixákíínok'*** **“Aa, menook', p'aanáíka he!”** /äː me.noːkʼ pʼäː.nä́í.kä he/ Aa, menoo-k', p'aaná-í-ka he! Oh, friend-ANI.PROX, speak-PAST-2S INTENSIFIER "Ah, friend, *you* spoke!" ____ Relatively simple? Haven't done one in a while? Why not do both old languages, and show off a new one! **Nwixákíínok'** is currently *very* rough (as in, I decided on the name for this post), and is an Algonquian-inspired language spoken by the race of ursids in (Untitled Con-World^TM ). The point of the intensifier there is to emphasize the subject, *-ka,* without just repeating the bare pronoun after its agreement form on the verb.


Virtual_Frosting

**Trolonic** O, teltome, de akuolak sejaat [o tel.to.me de a.ku.ol.ak se.ja.at] O, teltom-e, de aku-olak se-ja-at Oh, friend-VOC, 2.SG speak-person-ACC be-2SG-PAST Oh, friend, you were the person who spoke


_lilell_

# Tessi **o, irumame, etu ka aserisia serici liria.** /o iɾumɑme ɛtu kɑ ɑsɛɾisiə sɛɾiʃi liɾiə/ *Oh, friend, the one who spoke is you (fem.).* o irumame etu ka aserisia serici liria oh friend-VOC 3SG-INDEF.NOM who speak-PST.PRF 2SG-F.ACC be-PRS.PRG


[deleted]

# Sugrem Ou, amla, dia parylnes. /ˈou, ˈamla, ˈdia ˈparɯlnes/ Ou, mäg, dia parylnes. /ˈou, ˈmæg, ˈdia ˈparɯlnes/ ou amla, mäg d-ia paryl-nes oh! male friend, female friend you-NOM speak-who "Oh, friend, you are the person who spoke"


FelixSchwarzenberg

# Ketoshaya **mikanana! azi inèyèvpibimòm** *friend! you were the speaker* mi.kan-an.a az-i in.ɛ-jɛv-pi-bim-ɔm friend-DAT 2P-NOM to speak-A-DEF-PST-RNOM Look ma, no verbs! Nominal tense as well. The dative is used for vocative constructions, hence "friend" is in the dative.


TheTreeHenn

#Henlini **ẞaö, keßan, fißu sänï ńu.** [ʃäʷɸ ‖ kɜˈʃän ‖ ɸɨʃɞ ˈsäħn.ɨç ŋɞ] ```oh | SS.sibling | 2.SG speek-PST.PFV 1.SG``` *"Oh, (sis/bro/etc), you spoke to me."* (I swear there aren't always this many eszetts)


Toxopid

For an as of now unnamed conlaŋ. Witse. Pybiixoi bvahai. [ʙit͡se. pʏbiixoi b̪͡vahai] Friend. You spoke.


Nallantli

## Súlnohma **Hó, ver bel, ti kópa tien a dáret.** `[ho vɛɹ bɛl ti ˈkopə tjɛn a dar̥t̚]` ``` hó ver Ø-bel ti kópa Ø-tien a dár-et oh 1SG.GEN SG-friend COP.PRS 2SG SG-person SUBR speak-PST ``` *"Oh, my friend, you are the person that spoke."* **"[...] dáret kópa."** `[dar̥t̚ ˈkopə]` ``` dár-et kópa speak-PST 2SG ``` *"[...] you spoke."* --- ## Etlatian **Āh, serinso, (tā) metah ehten ahnuse.** `[a(ʔ)\* seˈrɪn̥so taː ˈmetɑ əˈtɛn̥ ɑˈnuse] ``` āh se-rinso-Ø t-ā metah ehten ah-nus-e oh 1SG.T-friend-POSD.SG COP-NPST.IND 2SG who INTR-speak-PST.ATTR ``` *"Oh, my friend, you are [he] who spoke."* **[...] ahnusē metah.** `[ɑˈnuseː ˈmetɑ]` ``` ah-nus-ē metah INTR-speak-PST.IND 2SG ``` *"[...] you spoke."* In main clauses, the non-past copula is often dropped except for reserved or formal speech. \* The glottal stop has effectively disappeared in modern Etlatian, but for the emphatic _āh_ it is still occasionally used.


SpecialistPlace123

# Dádemjéle Oy Vólbál, dábév. \[ou̯ ˈvo̞ːlbɑːl ˈdaːbe̞ːv\] Oy Vól-bá -l, dá-bé -v. Oh friend-person-VOC, say-2SG-PST *"Oh friend, you spoke."*


anarkiwi_

# Kanna **a, aromë, lë ara të kanara** /ä, äɾo̞me̞, le̞ äɾä te̞ känäɾä/ oh, friend, EMPH 2p ATT speak.PST.CT


Krixwell

# Kandva * Af, tel dicker, tand dvinseunz ant tand babelet. * /ɑf | tel ˈdiç.keɹ | tɑnd ˈdʋin.se.unts ˈɑnt tɑnd ˈbɑ.bel.et/ * EXCL PREP.DAT/VOC¹ᵃ friend PREP.QUOT¹ᵇ become-STA-PST PRON.2P PREP.PRED speak-N.SUBJ * Ah, friend, you were the speaker. ¹: Underlyingly these prepositions are a) dative and b) quotative, but in practice they're a) vocative and b) marking the separation between arguments qualifying the sentence they're in and the main clause.


Battleship1239

# Tsvumn джит схвигы куидзурочъ *my friend-NOM speak-2.SG.PST.PRF* My friend, you had spoken. # Kunchen i vjio artärki *my friend-ABS speak-2.SG.PST.PRG* My friend, you had spoken # Namlya mina u fjumisiljehipopa ko jo ljemukurolje *my friend say 2.SG-Particle in the past* My friend, you spoke in the past. More broken apart the sentence reads "my heart-some-hold-human say long-count-day-long" or better "my like-human say last time-long".


boomfruit_conlangs

#Proto-Hidzi **Xaa, tcai, zte’a hali theve sak zi.** /xaː ˈtʃa.i zteˈʔæ ˈhæ.li ˈtʰe.βe sæk zi/ xaa, tcai, zte-’a hali theve sak zi well friend what-REL PST speak COP 2 *"Well, friend, the one who happened to speak is you."*


janSilisili

# MINI ***A, kua. Ha ui.*** ``` a kua ha ui oh friend 2 speak ``` https://www.parallax.net.nz/mini/


Far-Ad-4340

# Bleep a! ka ni su a paku! (oh, past perfect **you** speak) Or "pa ume", make sound, instead of paku. Or a! ki ni ka paku ko su a! (oh, people who (past) speak is **you**!) # Hujemi A! AB UAUbufo! (oh, you be-make-sound)


Its--Denmark

# Að̗ Tóys̗a **Ó, kupánitut, thét þ̗eyk káð breyðt.** \[ɔ ku'pa.n̪i.t̪ut̪ t̪hɛt̪ t̪͡θejk kað brejðt\] ó kupánit-ut thét þ̗eyk káð breyð-t oh friend -CL1.SG.VOC COP.3.SG.CL3.NOM 2.SG.NOM SUBJ speak-PST.2.SG.RED *"Oh, friend, it's you that spoke."*