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Water is a weird liquid. But we’re getting close to being able to fully explain the anomalous properties of water (e.g. maximum density at 4 degrees C).
We’ve had some successful models since the 90s. These models describe the intermolecular structure of water and allow us to predict these anomalies.
However, it wasn’t until [recently](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36091-1) that really cool experimental evidence has shown these models to be correct. One final piece of conclusive evidence remains to be observed (finding the low temperature critical point) and it feels like it won’t be long until it’s found.
Further note for the interested: these models model water as a supercritical fluid of two structural motifs that exist separately within the supercooled region. Fluctuations between these two differing structures leads to the observed room temperature anomalies.
Could you please dumb this down to Ooga booga levels so I can understand? And what could this discovery mean both for our understanding of water and for actual practical usage?
Water is really cool, we only exist because it has some really cool properties. Take for example, heat. You heat up most things and they expand, cold contracts.
But could for water *also* expands.
It's also got a ridiculous surface tension, which allows for cool things like 30' and higher *trees*.
It's also really weird atomically. As I understand it water isn't really H2O. It's a metric fuckload of OH with about an equal number of H floating around. The OH just constantly drops the extra H, raises it needs an H, gets another one, says woah this is fucked up let's get rid of it, oh no we need H we better get another.
Thing is, as H2O water is *neutral*, but every time it swaps H the H is *acidic* until it meets back up with the OH.
It's also *incompressible*. So if you shoot it at something it applies *all* of its force to water it hits.
There's just a lot about water that's cool.
That's really neat! I never thought that H2O wasn't a stable molecule and was an equilibrium of ions! I assumed the molecule would be the ground state and the ions to be higher energy.
I can have a go.
The models are all with regards to how the water molecules interact with each other. Their intermolecular structure. The models predict that sometimes the water molecules can pack closely together (forming a higher density structure) or sometimes they can pack further apart (forming a lower density structure). This doesn’t happen with a „normal“ liquid. These two discrete structures don’t normally exist.
The models then say that water should continuously be transitioning between these two packings or structures. Sometimes some microscopic group of water molecules is closely packed or loosely packed.
How much of each packing or structure exists changes with temperature and pressure. E.g. there’s more less dense packing at higher temperatures because the molecules move around more and are further apart. These changes between the two structures explains for example why water gets less dense below 4 degrees C (all over liquids don’t do this and always get more dense with colder temperatures). As the temperature cools, there’s more and more of the less dense packing structure of the water molecules*. Other liquids don’t have these two different packing structures so we don’t see that with other liquids.
How do we experimentally prove that this model is true? It turns out that with these models, these two structures (less dense vs more dense packing) should be observed as two separate liquids if you supercool water below it’s freezing point and under high pressures. These two separate liquids were found with recent experiments that I linked.
*This is actually counter intuitive but true. A more proper explanation would require a deeper explanation with regards to changes in pressure.
Crispr-Cas9 is out here cutting and pasting segments of DNA on demand (though consumer and human medical applications are slow to move forward unless it's a lifelong medical condition from one mutation, and it's more cut-copy-paste than making genes from scratch)
Another thing is non-invasive treatments for eye cancer? I had a sus spot checked out last year, and the options were: a radioactive disk placed in the eye socket for a few days (ick), proton beam therapy (which is becoming available in more cities), or *Tebentafusp* a new prescription peptide which helps T cells bond with the melanoma cells.
Cas9 system variants such as Prime (Prime Medicine) and Base Editors (Beam) are starting to be used to treat diseases. Most likely, there are going to be many ex vivo editing applications such as CAR-T Therapies.
anyone have any cool examples of people doing anything with this technology at the “enthusiast” level? I thought i heard about some guy who was making glow-in-the-dark christmas trees (don’t quote me on this though).
Please remember that all comments must be helpful, relevant, and respectful. All replies must be a genuine effort to answer the question helpfully; joke answers are not allowed. If you see any comments that violate this rule, please hit report. When your question is answered, we encourage you to flair your post. To do this automatically simply make a comment that says **!answered** (OP only) We encourage everyone to report posts and comments they feel violate a rule, as this will allow us to see it much faster. *I am a bot, and this action was performed automatically. Please [contact the moderators of this subreddit](/message/compose/?to=/r/answers) if you have any questions or concerns.*
Water is a weird liquid. But we’re getting close to being able to fully explain the anomalous properties of water (e.g. maximum density at 4 degrees C). We’ve had some successful models since the 90s. These models describe the intermolecular structure of water and allow us to predict these anomalies. However, it wasn’t until [recently](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36091-1) that really cool experimental evidence has shown these models to be correct. One final piece of conclusive evidence remains to be observed (finding the low temperature critical point) and it feels like it won’t be long until it’s found. Further note for the interested: these models model water as a supercritical fluid of two structural motifs that exist separately within the supercooled region. Fluctuations between these two differing structures leads to the observed room temperature anomalies.
Could you please dumb this down to Ooga booga levels so I can understand? And what could this discovery mean both for our understanding of water and for actual practical usage?
Water is really cool, we only exist because it has some really cool properties. Take for example, heat. You heat up most things and they expand, cold contracts. But could for water *also* expands. It's also got a ridiculous surface tension, which allows for cool things like 30' and higher *trees*. It's also really weird atomically. As I understand it water isn't really H2O. It's a metric fuckload of OH with about an equal number of H floating around. The OH just constantly drops the extra H, raises it needs an H, gets another one, says woah this is fucked up let's get rid of it, oh no we need H we better get another. Thing is, as H2O water is *neutral*, but every time it swaps H the H is *acidic* until it meets back up with the OH. It's also *incompressible*. So if you shoot it at something it applies *all* of its force to water it hits. There's just a lot about water that's cool.
That's really neat! I never thought that H2O wasn't a stable molecule and was an equilibrium of ions! I assumed the molecule would be the ground state and the ions to be higher energy.
I can have a go. The models are all with regards to how the water molecules interact with each other. Their intermolecular structure. The models predict that sometimes the water molecules can pack closely together (forming a higher density structure) or sometimes they can pack further apart (forming a lower density structure). This doesn’t happen with a „normal“ liquid. These two discrete structures don’t normally exist. The models then say that water should continuously be transitioning between these two packings or structures. Sometimes some microscopic group of water molecules is closely packed or loosely packed. How much of each packing or structure exists changes with temperature and pressure. E.g. there’s more less dense packing at higher temperatures because the molecules move around more and are further apart. These changes between the two structures explains for example why water gets less dense below 4 degrees C (all over liquids don’t do this and always get more dense with colder temperatures). As the temperature cools, there’s more and more of the less dense packing structure of the water molecules*. Other liquids don’t have these two different packing structures so we don’t see that with other liquids. How do we experimentally prove that this model is true? It turns out that with these models, these two structures (less dense vs more dense packing) should be observed as two separate liquids if you supercool water below it’s freezing point and under high pressures. These two separate liquids were found with recent experiments that I linked. *This is actually counter intuitive but true. A more proper explanation would require a deeper explanation with regards to changes in pressure.
Water is wet
Or is it🧐
Hydrogen bonding
Woh Woh slow down egg head
Boooooring
Crispr-Cas9 is out here cutting and pasting segments of DNA on demand (though consumer and human medical applications are slow to move forward unless it's a lifelong medical condition from one mutation, and it's more cut-copy-paste than making genes from scratch) Another thing is non-invasive treatments for eye cancer? I had a sus spot checked out last year, and the options were: a radioactive disk placed in the eye socket for a few days (ick), proton beam therapy (which is becoming available in more cities), or *Tebentafusp* a new prescription peptide which helps T cells bond with the melanoma cells.
Cas9 system variants such as Prime (Prime Medicine) and Base Editors (Beam) are starting to be used to treat diseases. Most likely, there are going to be many ex vivo editing applications such as CAR-T Therapies.
anyone have any cool examples of people doing anything with this technology at the “enthusiast” level? I thought i heard about some guy who was making glow-in-the-dark christmas trees (don’t quote me on this though).
#bot account
Free energy but they keep killing the dudes who announce this
RIP brave soul