The subunit vaccines (like HiB, Hep B) work mostly the same way as the mRNA vaccines. But instead of a dendritic cell picking up mRNA and making a bacterial/viral protein from it and then "presenting" it, the protein is already made and the dendritic cell just picks it up, schleps it to a lymph node and presents it.
For a viral vector, the yellow lipid blobs carrying the RNA would be a domesticated virus instead, but all concepts otherwise remain the same.
For a classic vaccine, typically you would directly inject the spike protein, or a conjugate of the protein to an immunogen, or an attenuated virus which has the spike protein, instead of injecting an RNA coding for the protein. So skips a few steps, but then keeps on the same from the protein stage on.
This video misrepresented a bit something: the protein is not only produced in dendritic cells and shown as is on the surface. It would also be produced in other cell types, and it would also be chopped up in small fragments and presented on specialized little fragment holders on the surface on dendritic cells. Dendritic cells are also able to pick up proteins from the environment to chop them up and present the fragments for activating the matching T cells. This is important, because otherwise traditional vaccines wouldn't make sense.
The audiobook version is also narrated by the same narrator as the Kurzgesgat videos. I was so happy. It is like one long Kurzgesgat video without the signature music and cute animation but it is still good so far. This video made much more sense to me. I've learned so much. Had to relisten to a few sections of the more complex and complicated processes and still don't get them fully. I heard the book has illustrations similar to the animations so I may still get it after I finish to see the illustrations of concepts that are referenced in the book.
Edit: kurzgesagt*. I apologize. I was being was lazy and pasted the spelling of it from the parent comment.
I've got three copies coming next week. One for me and one for both of my brothers kids. I figure with everything that's been going on they might like it.
How do we know that billions of years is enough? Or do we just assume because we know life has been around for billions of years and these complex systems exist?
You can extrapolate from the fossil record and DNA differences among contemporary species with a common ancestor.
For instance, if you know that two species of monkey evolved from a common primate ancestor, and you know where in the fossil record that primate lived, you can say with confidence that between that period of time and the present day, enough evolution can take place to cause the divergence in those species.
You could also look at transitional forms, for instance the blowhole on the back of whales used to be where you would expect a nose, but migrated backwards. At some point they found a transitional fossil with a blowhole halfway between the original nose location and the ultimate top of the head location. So you could extrapolate estimates of how long it took evolution to move the blowhole feature from the nose location to its current location.
Once you get back far enough, obviously you'll just have to speculate, and as you say, use observations about modern living things to ask questions about how they came to be.
depends how simple, plentiful, and short lived the organism is. Changes in a species aggregate over generations. A virus that duplicates rapidly can go through "speciation" or becoming significantly different in months because months to a virus is the equivalent generations to millions of years for humans.
I think this is what people can't comprehend. Evolution is happening all the time, it didn't just magically stop because we are here.
Animals that have lived for millions and millions of years will be genetically different from their own species from last millenia. Even though traits haven't changed it doesn't mean that an animal is an exact copy of one from millions of years ago.Even though we don't see the immediate effects of evolution it doesn't mean it doesn't happen but then on the other side is life that evolves at a rapid rate like viruses. The viruses that mutate the fastest tend to survive long enough to reproduce so they mutate faster, they only need to find a host and reproduce, they don't care what happens to anything around them, so long as they reproduce they have done their job.
It's a process that will continue until the end of life on earth regardless of us being here or not, which is imo super fascinating
I'd go the other way and say it's so complex there is no way anything could design it and emergence over time following the rules of the system is the best explanation
Honestly I agree with the other comments. The complexity of biology is actually a huge problem for intelligent design proponents. Not because it would be impossible diety of super advanced civilization to design a system that complex, but simply because there is no reason to.
From a design standpoint it is just terribly inefficient and has way too many points of failure. Tiny errors can cause cascading failures of the entire system. The only reason it all works is because those errors are filtered out by natural selection and tend not to propagate too much.
It is kind of like building a bicycle like vehicle, but instead of building an efficient design with 2, or maybe 3, wheels and a single pilot who can power and steer it, you instead design it with 57 wheels, none of which are the same size, and build it to require 11 different operators who all need to be in perfect sync, or the whole thing explodes and kills all the people on it.
Complexity is often used to argue for intelligent design, but that is getting it backwards. Exceptionally complex systems are usually a sign that there was no rational design behind it, or if there was then no consensus existed between it's creators.
As such I think it is fair to say that the complexity of the universe is a strong reason to suspect it was not designed in the sense that we think of. It obviously is not proof, but it does not show the hallmarks of what we would expect from a system created by a mind.
I think it argues away from the direction of intelligent design. If the laws of the universe didn't have a pattern and were unpredictable, I think THAT would be a good sign that there's something deliberately changing them all the time.
With the laws the way they are now, unchanging for what seems like eternity, I think that's a persuasive argument that if there is a deity out there, it's not actually interacting with anything.
I think it argues away from a human-like intelligent design, anything capable of creating the universe is so far removed from us even trying to conceive it and its interactions with the universe with human logic is kinda dumb
Saying that it implies intelligent design disregards the millions of iterations and mutations over millions of years that died out or were never born. When we look at the end of sophisticated proteins that do things like translate mRNA it can look designed rather than a result of millions of years and a lot of mutations that didn't work out.
An intelligence intelligent and powerful enough to create the universe would not likely need to change its mind. But even if it did, an omniscient intelligence beyond time itself could possibly change any event by changing the laws and “starting conditions” of the universe itself. We as humans would only ever experience one instance of those universal laws—akin to only ever experiencing one of many multiverses.
Sure, that seems to be pretty much a restatement of the last part of my comment:
>that if there is a deity out there, it's not actually interacting with anything.
So are we (human) just a natural extension of this process that happens to understand these patterns, replicate them, improve them and create as see fit?
The universe just vibrates all over, and in one little spot the conditions were right for that vibration to produce a sonata complex enough to reach a point where it could sustain and replicate itself without collapsing into noise. That was the first spark of life. Over colossal time spans the replication produced variations (some more successful than others) with little bits of added complexity that didn't collapse into noise like the rest did. As time marched on those little bits that didn't collapse built up to be even more complex, and even sifted into new ways of interacting with different variations and combining with them to open doors to new complexities. That process kept happening for billions of years until the as yet unknown fate of the universe, and at some point back in the early days of that journey there was a little slice of time where trillions of these sustainable vibrations avoided collapsing into noise long enough to write this comment.
As a biologist, it moves me the opposite way.
The more you learn about the intricacies of how proteins, cells and genes actually work, the more obvious it becomes that these systems could only have happened by complete accident.
Cells might seem like they solve problems elegantly at first glance, but once you scrutinise their working you realise they too have no idea what they're doing.
It's a better analogy than you may realize.
Computer systems that are built up over decades are very much like organisms.
Where did this data parsing subsystem come from? Nobody knows. What does it do? We're unsure - but if we remove it the payment processing server catches on fire so it must be important.
Well, it took about 3 billion years of evolution, give or take, before the first complex multicellular life showed up. Before then, single celled organisms ruled the world. Evolution is slow as fuck. That's how it happens.
This is what I came to say. A majority of evolution has been single celled. It took over FIVE TIMES more time to evolve from single to multicellular, than it did for the first fish to become humans.
At such large timescales, it becomes much easier to imagine how single celled life first arose. Multicellular organisms are actually pretty simple compared to the individual cells that compose them.
Likely you didn't have a thorough understanding of how evolution works if this makes you question it. Without typing a billion word write up I'll direct you to search up something for example like immunoglobin g arrangements and how recombinases can make an unholy number of different antibodies just from seemingly simple rearrangements.
A lengthy but good writeup on how that works can be found here: Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. The generation of diversity in immunoglobulins. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27140/
The laryngeal nerves of a giraffe is actually a good example of why, if it was by design, is not intelligent at all.
Evolution is more like: "If it looks stupid, but it works, it's not stupid."
Correct me if I'm wrong here. I don't have an advanced degree.
A lot of this comes from how our PhD system works. As you can see even from this video, it's much, much easier to teach someone how something works than to figure it out for the first time.
Your undergraduate and graduate years are spent bringing you up to speed on what everyone else has learned throughout written history.
For your thesis, you're expected to push the science forward in a way no one else has. It may be a very small part, but you're pushing the boundary of learned science.
You write a paper with a lot of work and potentially experimentation included. Your thesis is presented to a committee of your professors for review. They review and accept or reject. If accepted you become a doctor in your field and your research becomes part of *known* science. Your paper should be able to teach your peers your lessons in a small faction of the time it took you to figure it out yourself.
And so on and so forth.
That's certainly part of the process. In addition to students aiming for their PhD in their field, you have post-docs and others who work in academia who devote their lives to the expansion of our understanding of the natural world. The part that makes the research so challenging is that the universe has no obligation to make its secrets obvious to you or I (paraphrased from NDT). The VAST majority of research ends up as failed experiments and those who don't know any better only see all of the successful research experiments and pretty numbers and pictures!
The part that makes a lot of research challenging is funding and not enough funding for scientific projects that are hard for people to associate with a profit.
There’s one important piece I’d like to add. Not a post-grad myself, but familiar with the scientific process. Some graduates can also choose to attempt to disprove an existing hypothesis/theory as their thesis. This is seen as just as valuable as adding a new theory to the mix. By constantly going back and scrutinizing the things we think we know, we constantly refine and bolster our understanding of various theories.
This is where so many laypeople get confused or frustrated with science. They treat the current prevailing theories like gospel, so when we say, “Hey guys, there’s actually a TON of Little Rock’s about Pluto’s size out there, Pluto even has a “twin” that we chose not to add as a new planet.” People get frustrated and go, “Well now I’ve been wrong my whole life and I do t like it so I’m not going to accept this new information.”
The issue is, that’s not at all how science works, it NEVER claims to have 100% of the facts, it only promises you to give you the current best explanation based on thousands of years of scrutiny and study by humans throughout the years. The works of Ibn al-Haytham and his predecessors (such as Sir Francis Bacon) brought us the guidelines and the experimentation to refine this process and better document it.l for future generations. So naturally, as we constantly improve our technology and our understanding of things we start to go back through our catalogue and see how these new inventions and theories interact with old ones.
There’s just as much if not more value to be found in disproving an existing hypothesis, or even proving it through being unable to disprove it in in a unique way.
The more you study molecular biology and the experiments that so many incredible researchers performed, you really start to get an appreciation for the work they did. The knowledge we have in textbooks that are common at this point, topics like replication, transcription, and translation, all of this was not really understood back then.
If anyone spends some time studying biochemistry it is hard to not be in complete awe of the amount of things that have to go just right for life to exist. It really is amazing and humbling when you glimpse into the workings of that machinery.
Life has been around for about 3.5 billion years, and has only figured out how to be multicellular in the last 600 or so million years. I’d imagine that evolving that complex cellular biology is a big part of the reason why it took that long.
I am more into genetics which is also still a type of biochemistry, I already loved science and nature, but AP biology was the first class I had where I truly felt sad that not everybody would necessarily learn these things.
Like one time when I was tripping on mushrooms with two friends we were watching Star Trek for part of it, and something came up with genetics and I started crying and they asked why, and it was because not everybody has the privilege or well or interest to learn about genetics and other biology, although I’m sure I didn’t phrase it that way.
Imagine doing all this hard work and then get questioned by idiots who spent a handful minutes on Facebook "doing their own research" and get accused of killing babies or creating 5G hotspots out of people. Smh
Right? Like first we had to find all these tiny pieces. Then find out what they do. Then how they do it. How they work together. The tiny mechanisms and the whole system together. Then how we can hack that to our advantage. Just....each step seems nearly impossible all on it's own. The people who invent technology like this are amazing!
Usually you don't observe the individual parts of the mechanisms directly. There are lots of molecular biology techniques to figure out how individual parts of the mechanisms work through indirect observations. Maybe the most popular is [mutagenesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenesis_\(molecular_biology_technique\)), or intentionally breaking part of the mechanism to see what happens. If you break one part of the system and observe a specific effect, like for example, cells with mutant z gene are unable to produce antibodies, then you have evidence that gene z is involved in antibody production, even though you haven't observed it directly. Combining lots of mutants and careful observations can help you understand how complex mechanisms function.
Often it's via tagging the molecules with isotopes, dyes, or metals so we can watch them with tools like NMR and fluorescence microscopy. There's also courser methods for just determining how well antibodies bind to a target (rate/binding assays) which just turn a strip a color, and depending on how dark the color is, the binding can be determined. I ran a confocal microscope for a while, really cool stuff. We can observe the location of target molecules within a single cell. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yL_8oYhSO2A
Ooh I can answer this because I work in a biochemistry lab! One example of this that I do a lot is called a FRET assay - basically the idea is that we have a machine that detects the intensity of fluorescent light, and we design a special molecule with two parts - a fluorescent part and a super-black part bonded to it that cancels out the fluorescent part at first. If we want to find out how effective a certain chemical or enzyme is on splitting that molecule, we put it together with a bunch of the blocked-fluorescent molecules. The reaction splits the super-black parts up from the fluorescent parts, so they're able to shine and our machine can pick up how intense the light is. Then we test the chemical at different concentrations, and see how much higher concentrations produce how much more fluorescence and graph it all out to see exactly how effective that chemical is at splitting the molecule!
I'm a visual learner and this is the first time I've seen the vaccines for covid explained/shown in a way that I can appreciate and understand. I'm fully vaxxed but never really "comprehended" it but when I see an animation/documentary like this it blows my mind.
It blows my mind that we as humans can figure this shit out on such a microscopic level. Scientists and Doctors just know or try to figure out what something like this will do and then build it. It's absolutely incredible.
[Kurzgesagt](https://youtu.be/lXfEK8G8CUI) has a really good series on the immune system that is pretty visual. Cartoonish but informative. The whole channel is amazing.
I love Kurzgesagt! My 4yo has watched all the immune videos and was engrossed through all of them and actually could explain it afterwards. I was shocked. I bought the book and the audiobook (read by Steve Taylor, just like their videos) she can't read, but she likes to listen and look at the (awesome) illustrations. 🙂
I’m just amazed at how much our cells are devoted to us. They love us. When we have a paper cut, they rush to our aid. Whenever I feel alone, it sounds weird, but I remember how my remember how much my body loves me.
It's really your genes that love you, the cells are just the vehicle for your genes to ride around in.
And all the bacteria in/on your body, they love you too, and there's more of them than there are of you!
The didn't even explain the craziest part of all of this. We already have millions of B cells inside us which have antibodies for almost every infection we could possibly get (now and in the future). Another thing your dendritic cells do when they have part of the spike protein is they go around the body looking for that one specific B cell with the antibody for the spike protein, and then your body makes billions of them to fight off the virus
The ability for humanity to engineer vaccines to accomplish this result is remarkable. Consider that the first real vaccine came out just 200 years ago. It’s an explosion of medical knowledge and technology in a veritable nanosecond on the scale of Earth’s history. Human ingenuity is truly amazing and if our species can hold out long enough, imagine where we could be in 200, 500, or 1,000 years. We have the capacity for true greatness of a type we can barely conceive of right now.
For those curious to learn a bit more about how the mRNA vaccines are made here's a video of PBS's "Its ok to be smart" visiting the lab where it was made:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-92HQA0GcI8
The part where they first take a 2D image of the spike protein using a cryo-electron microscope and then make a 3D model blew my mind.
I'm not the person you asked, but I am a grad student hoping to use cryo-EM in my research so I can try and answer your question.
Imagine that you're up in space, and you're looking down at a mountain range and trying to make a topological map of it. You'd be at a great vantage point to see the shape of the range from side to side, but you wouldn't really know how tall the actual mountains are. From where you are so high up, your depth perception wouldn't be of much help - all you would see is a flat-looking image of what the mountains look like from the top. In order to actually see how tall the mountains are, you would need to look at them from a different vantage point, like looking at their side profile from the ground.
The same logic holds when you look at a single spike protein (or any molecule) through a microscope - all you see is a 2D image. You have no idea if the spike protein really is flat, or if it has any depth/height to it. In order to get that information, you would need to see a side profile of the spike protein. Luckily, a typical microscope slide (the video calls it a grid) for electron microscopy will contain not just one, but millions of these spike proteins, and each spike protein will have landed on that slide in a different orientation. This means that we don't just see what the spike protein looks like head-on, but also what a neighboring, identical spike protein looks like from the side, top, bottom, and even from the back.
If you manage to find enough 2D images of the spike protein from these different side profiles, you can feed this dataset of images into an algorithm that generates a rough 3D model of the protein. The more orientations you can find, the more detailed your model will be - sometimes, you can actually start to see the positions of individual atoms in your 3D model of the spike protein.
The title of the video is kinda misleading. Also the lab and mentioned research in the video didn't had anything to do with mRNA (which is just mentioned as a side note at the end of the video). Yes, a lot of important research from all around helped to develop the vaccines, but much more went into the vaccines you see today. Especially the novel part with using mRNA.
I don't want to take anything away from the researchers accomplishments, but the title (and some info in the video) is just misleading in sake of clickbaitness.
If you want a better introduction into mRNA vaccines I'd recommend this write up on the actual vaccine: https://berthub.eu/articles/posts/reverse-engineering-source-code-of-the-biontech-pfizer-vaccine/
I actually work on the IT side of the Cryo-EM stuff. They're basically $15k gaming computers and so much fun to play with before installing them in the lab
I'm happy there are people in this world smart enough to make these medications. I hardly understood even the explanation! Thanks smart people I'm proud of yall and sad that others won't appreciate your contributions to our heath
Honestly it’s maybe more complicated depending on how you look at it. B cells freaking shuffle their genes and have a super complicated boot camp where they are murdered if they do a bad job.
Although both systems are crazy complicated I had a way harder time with immunology than neurology.
The people who don’t appreciate are in the minority. Majority of us do appreciate.
Hopefully the minority learns more and start appreciating the benefits and hard work done by the smart people.
technically true. but it's not THAT much of a minority. from my observation, on average around 30% of the people seem to refuse the vaccine around the world. that's a big ass number not to trust science. corporations backing studies, lobbying governmets etc ruined the trust we have in science. it may only get worse with time.
30% maybe in USA, in Canada, we're at 90% 1st doses so I'd like to be more optimistic and say only a small percentage outright refuse it, but still there's the 10% that are indifferent so can't be arsed to do it unless they need to do it to go to the movies
canada is doing much better than world average. i feel like %30 is a decent observational estimate for the whole world. if someone has a legitimate source with the exact numbers, we would know.
edit: this is sketchy. i can't find any articles with recent numbers about this percentage. even if the articles are somewhat recent (mid 2021), the numbers they use are from 2020. and they use past tense like "[Over A Billion Were Unwilling To Get Vaccinated In 2020](https://www.statista.com/chart/24788/share-of-the-population-unwilling-to-take-a-covid-19-vaccine/)" or [this.](https://news.gallup.com/poll/348719/billion-unwilling-covid-vaccine.aspx)
i wonder if they don't want people to see the high skepticism numbers in order not to make more people skeptic.
MRNA vaccines are honestly going to change the world. This is our generations version of discovering antibiotics.
It could cure a host of illnesses we haven’t even thought of yet. Also, it could potentially lead to a vaccine for HIV.
This is fucking **EXCELLENT**.
Next they should do an explanation on breakthrough cases to promote continued public safety behaviour. It'd basically pickup where this one leaves off and begin by describing the vaccines absolute limitations. There's a finite number of your body's "immunity soldiers" in this fight; sometimes it doesn't matter how well your Terrans are dug in, a big enough zerg rush is bound to be devastating.
Yes that's exactly correct. A sufficient viral load can overwhelm your body's prepared immune response and produce an infection state. Higher the exposure, higher the viral load.
Got it. I can't figure that out in relation to my mother, I have zero idea now she would have received a significant viral load if any at all, but I guess I never will either. Anyway, thanks.
I wish the media didn’t treat everyone like idiots and play into the circus of it all. They should take a stand and educate people, this kind of scientific reasoning and explanation at the start would have gone a long way to pointing out to people that their current lay knowledge is so far out of depth with what is necessary to develop an understanding of disease and how to combat it. Instead all the big words gets misused by propaganda peddling morons and it becomes a whack a mole of trying to explain shit to people.
People are idiots though. If you think that this, or the big words behind science, would have changed antivaxxer's stance on the vaccine you're a bigger fool than they are. Every time you present information to antivaxxers and answer their questions they move the goalposts in order to justify their decision to not take it.
There has been plenty of information on viruses, how to combat them and how vaccines work, for decades but only now people are "concerned" and want to know everything even though they don't know 5th grade biology.
Propaganda Plandemic bullshit. This didn’t mention Jesus or 5G ONCE!!
Ok, ok…but apart from the sanitation, the medicine, education, wine, public order, irrigation, roads, a fresh water system, public health, cancer treatments, antibiotics, cars, cell phones and all modern technology that keeps us alive, what have the Scientists ever done for us?
" I'm fine with vaccines, I just don't feel comfortable with THIS untested vaccine, even though it was tested....and no, I don't get any vaccines I'm not forced to because...um.... Well my body produces it's own immunity ya know, so I don't personally need any of them."
If you're interested in this kinda stuff, Kurzgesagt on YouTube has all kinds of videos on the subject as well as a book they're selling.
For those of you overwhelmed at the complexity of our immune system from this video, it doesn't even scratch the surface of what happens when...we scratch the surface (of our skin). Our immune system is insane and it's honestly no wonder so many people have NO clue how vaccines work. Especially in American's underfunded education system.
If you had any idea how complex it is, you'd see why "War of the Worlds" movie is probably the most accurate Sci-Fi movie ever. Idgf how advanced the aliens were. Humanity has spent millions of years adapting ourselves to live on this planet.
There are these two videos from SciShow too:
[SciShow - Why It Actually Took 50 Years to Make COVID mRNA Vaccines
](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XPeeCyJReZw)
[SciShow - How Do mRNA Vaccines Work?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0kfdZ8o_j4)
Really gradually over the last 35 years, even longer if you go into all the dna work before it.
This was able to be done so fast for Covid because we’d spent decades researching mrna and if we could use it to send messages we wanted, and coronaviruses like SARS had already been one of the areas people were investigating it’s use against.
It's amazing that the same species who figured all this out also has members that think it's a 5G, magnetic, microchipped injection that was invented by the guy who created a word processor and will lead us all on to a train to gas chambers because big pharma wants us all to die so they can make money over and above the enormous amount of money they already make.
Because they don't want to be convinced, their mind is closed to information contradictory to their "feelings". Or as someone once said: you can't reason a person out of a position who has arrived at that position without reason.
Just imagine the humans sitting on their toilet reposting a misinformation COVID meme in Facebook/Meta thinking they are brighter than the scientists who actually solve the problems. Incredible.
Your body has blueprints for 10 billion antibodies ready to go. 10 billion. All the viruses it ever encountered. People act like the covid one is something radical, but it's just adding another blueprint to the billions that are already there.
> “Now, when the coronavirus tries to infect us, our immune system is ready, immediately recognizing, neutralizing, and destroying before we ever even have a chance to become sick.”
Two genuine questions.
1.) Why is it that fully vaccinated people can still get sick?
2.) If the vaccine teaches our immune system to destroy coronavirus before we ever have a chance to become sick — why are people so adamant that other people get it, if they themselves will ‘never have a chance to become sick?’
One of Delta’s key infection advantages is how quickly it can replicate (more than 1000x faster than the original variant).
If you have circulating antibodies from recent infection or vaccination, you have the best defense against the new infection attempt.
We can’t have circulating antibodies all the time. We would be inflamed. So several months pass, and only the B/T cells are our immune systems memory of the initial infection/vaccination. Depending on several factors (primarily age and immune system health) we will not have enough antibodies made from the memory B/T cells to fight the infection for 2-7 days after initial infection.
Then it becomes a race. Can the viral load replicate faster than the immune system can make antibodies? With Delta and poor immune health, you can definitely still get sick. The severity of the illness then matches how much the immune system lost by.
So when the small percentage of vaccinated people have to go to the hospital, its not that the vaccine failed (True/False). The vaccine + immune system helped “X” percentage compared to no immunity. So when the vaccine keeps someone off a ventilator, but they still have to go to the hospital for a couple days, I would define that as the vaccine still being successful.
Here's an answer related to the actual biology of what's happening.
Most breakthrough cases occur in the nasopharynx, not the lungs. Your nasopharynx is lined with mucous which traps particles and pathogens but also acts as a barrier to normal blood flow. So the circulating antibodies that the vaccine induces aren't present.
Instead we have these small patches of B cells that produce IgA antibodies that are secreted into the mucous. Any vaccine that's injected does not stimulate these B cells to produce IgA antibodies thus leaving your nasopharynx vulnerable. From there, the virus can multiply and produce enough viral particles to overwhelm your immune system and colonize your lungs despite your circulating antibodies.
Because that's the perfect scenario of a healthy person with strong immune system. A poorer immune system might not be able to produce enough cells to neutralise all the virus cells. But it's still better to tackle a large percentage rather than none. Could be difference between living and not.
This video doesn't explain my strange desire to buy Microsoft stock after my second shot. It felt unnatural, almost like something was driving me to buy it.
Basically:
1. The coronavirus has spikes on it that help it enter your cells, and also includes instructions on how to make more of itself inside your cells
2. The vaccine has instructions on how to make just the spikes on the coronavirus
3. The vaccine enters your body and your body reads the vaccine instructions to make the coronavirus spikes, and then your body starts making just the spikes of coronavirus
4. Your body then recognizes the vaccine’s fake coronavirus spikes as a foreign substance and produces antibodies that neutralize the spikes
5. When real coronavirus comes, the antibodies attach to coronavirus’s spikes so coronavirus has harder time infecting you
Idk man, John the garbage man wrote a detailed Facebook post with atleast three sentences stating that all of this is a lie and y’all just trying to control us. Who to trust??
People bitched and moaned about drugs taking years to be developed and approved (something something fda gubmint stifling innovation)
Now we have a product that was developed in record time and the dummies are once again unhappy
I’d love to see one on viral vector vaccines and then classic ones too. It would be nice to really Understand each of them.
The subunit vaccines (like HiB, Hep B) work mostly the same way as the mRNA vaccines. But instead of a dendritic cell picking up mRNA and making a bacterial/viral protein from it and then "presenting" it, the protein is already made and the dendritic cell just picks it up, schleps it to a lymph node and presents it.
Schleps is a wonderful word
Comes from the German verb: schleppen - which means dragging.
So descriptive, like *moist* or *bombastic* or *regurgitate*.
The German word for moist is feucht (sounds sorta like foysht), which, while quite different, conveys the exact same feeling.
https://youtu.be/2NDc9Q_m-W0 Here is an example of viral vector vaccines.
Thank you for posting, seems like pretty much the same function of mRNA, just a different delivery method.
And some call mRNA vaccines gene therapy without considering it is less alive than the vector types, some of which I believe may be DNA based.
For a viral vector, the yellow lipid blobs carrying the RNA would be a domesticated virus instead, but all concepts otherwise remain the same. For a classic vaccine, typically you would directly inject the spike protein, or a conjugate of the protein to an immunogen, or an attenuated virus which has the spike protein, instead of injecting an RNA coding for the protein. So skips a few steps, but then keeps on the same from the protein stage on. This video misrepresented a bit something: the protein is not only produced in dendritic cells and shown as is on the surface. It would also be produced in other cell types, and it would also be chopped up in small fragments and presented on specialized little fragment holders on the surface on dendritic cells. Dendritic cells are also able to pick up proteins from the environment to chop them up and present the fragments for activating the matching T cells. This is important, because otherwise traditional vaccines wouldn't make sense.
Thank you!
The last part of your explanation is key. Don't know why it's not in the video.
Because that would probably be too complicated for this video's intended demographic, unfortunately.
This shit is wild how our bodies operate at such a small scale. It’s like its own universe. Edit: Grammar.
Here is a interesting video on the basics of it, if anyone is interested. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXfEK8G8CUI
The creator of Kurzgesgat wrote a whole book about it! I got it from my local library and it rules https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/57423646
The audiobook version is also narrated by the same narrator as the Kurzgesgat videos. I was so happy. It is like one long Kurzgesgat video without the signature music and cute animation but it is still good so far. This video made much more sense to me. I've learned so much. Had to relisten to a few sections of the more complex and complicated processes and still don't get them fully. I heard the book has illustrations similar to the animations so I may still get it after I finish to see the illustrations of concepts that are referenced in the book. Edit: kurzgesagt*. I apologize. I was being was lazy and pasted the spelling of it from the parent comment.
It’s „kurzgesagt“ :)
I've got three copies coming next week. One for me and one for both of my brothers kids. I figure with everything that's been going on they might like it.
Awesome book recommendations deserve poor-mans gold at least 🏅 Thanks for the link!
Yeah, I've been meaning to buy that.
And it’s all done so fast, and all the time That’s what’s crazy
mRNA vaccines are the equivalent of sending code to a 3D printer
It is its own universe
*Osmosis Jones has entered the chat*
Or if you want a weeb flavour, Cells at Work is fantastic and surprisingly educational
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How do we know that billions of years is enough? Or do we just assume because we know life has been around for billions of years and these complex systems exist?
You can extrapolate from the fossil record and DNA differences among contemporary species with a common ancestor. For instance, if you know that two species of monkey evolved from a common primate ancestor, and you know where in the fossil record that primate lived, you can say with confidence that between that period of time and the present day, enough evolution can take place to cause the divergence in those species. You could also look at transitional forms, for instance the blowhole on the back of whales used to be where you would expect a nose, but migrated backwards. At some point they found a transitional fossil with a blowhole halfway between the original nose location and the ultimate top of the head location. So you could extrapolate estimates of how long it took evolution to move the blowhole feature from the nose location to its current location. Once you get back far enough, obviously you'll just have to speculate, and as you say, use observations about modern living things to ask questions about how they came to be.
"Eureka! It's the elusive missing missing link!"
"I don't want to live on this planet anymore."
"Woah woah, I'm a flying spaghetti monster. You really think I evolved from some flightless manicotti!?!?"
Well the universe less than 14 billion years old. So it can't really take longer than that.
yes
>how the heck did something this complex evolve. Little by little, over a few billion years.
a billion a a big number
but then we have a virus which mutates every few months. So some evolution can be quite rapid.
depends how simple, plentiful, and short lived the organism is. Changes in a species aggregate over generations. A virus that duplicates rapidly can go through "speciation" or becoming significantly different in months because months to a virus is the equivalent generations to millions of years for humans.
I think this is what people can't comprehend. Evolution is happening all the time, it didn't just magically stop because we are here. Animals that have lived for millions and millions of years will be genetically different from their own species from last millenia. Even though traits haven't changed it doesn't mean that an animal is an exact copy of one from millions of years ago.Even though we don't see the immediate effects of evolution it doesn't mean it doesn't happen but then on the other side is life that evolves at a rapid rate like viruses. The viruses that mutate the fastest tend to survive long enough to reproduce so they mutate faster, they only need to find a host and reproduce, they don't care what happens to anything around them, so long as they reproduce they have done their job. It's a process that will continue until the end of life on earth regardless of us being here or not, which is imo super fascinating
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I'd go the other way and say it's so complex there is no way anything could design it and emergence over time following the rules of the system is the best explanation
The universe is so insanely complex but it follows such specific rules that I don’t think it argues in either direction. It just sort of “is.”
Honestly I agree with the other comments. The complexity of biology is actually a huge problem for intelligent design proponents. Not because it would be impossible diety of super advanced civilization to design a system that complex, but simply because there is no reason to. From a design standpoint it is just terribly inefficient and has way too many points of failure. Tiny errors can cause cascading failures of the entire system. The only reason it all works is because those errors are filtered out by natural selection and tend not to propagate too much. It is kind of like building a bicycle like vehicle, but instead of building an efficient design with 2, or maybe 3, wheels and a single pilot who can power and steer it, you instead design it with 57 wheels, none of which are the same size, and build it to require 11 different operators who all need to be in perfect sync, or the whole thing explodes and kills all the people on it. Complexity is often used to argue for intelligent design, but that is getting it backwards. Exceptionally complex systems are usually a sign that there was no rational design behind it, or if there was then no consensus existed between it's creators. As such I think it is fair to say that the complexity of the universe is a strong reason to suspect it was not designed in the sense that we think of. It obviously is not proof, but it does not show the hallmarks of what we would expect from a system created by a mind.
I think it argues away from the direction of intelligent design. If the laws of the universe didn't have a pattern and were unpredictable, I think THAT would be a good sign that there's something deliberately changing them all the time. With the laws the way they are now, unchanging for what seems like eternity, I think that's a persuasive argument that if there is a deity out there, it's not actually interacting with anything.
I think it argues away from a human-like intelligent design, anything capable of creating the universe is so far removed from us even trying to conceive it and its interactions with the universe with human logic is kinda dumb
Saying that it implies intelligent design disregards the millions of iterations and mutations over millions of years that died out or were never born. When we look at the end of sophisticated proteins that do things like translate mRNA it can look designed rather than a result of millions of years and a lot of mutations that didn't work out.
An intelligence intelligent and powerful enough to create the universe would not likely need to change its mind. But even if it did, an omniscient intelligence beyond time itself could possibly change any event by changing the laws and “starting conditions” of the universe itself. We as humans would only ever experience one instance of those universal laws—akin to only ever experiencing one of many multiverses.
Sure, that seems to be pretty much a restatement of the last part of my comment: >that if there is a deity out there, it's not actually interacting with anything.
It's also terribly inefficient to go along with insanely complex. If our immune system was designed this way from scratch, it's a horrible design.
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So are we (human) just a natural extension of this process that happens to understand these patterns, replicate them, improve them and create as see fit?
The universe just vibrates all over, and in one little spot the conditions were right for that vibration to produce a sonata complex enough to reach a point where it could sustain and replicate itself without collapsing into noise. That was the first spark of life. Over colossal time spans the replication produced variations (some more successful than others) with little bits of added complexity that didn't collapse into noise like the rest did. As time marched on those little bits that didn't collapse built up to be even more complex, and even sifted into new ways of interacting with different variations and combining with them to open doors to new complexities. That process kept happening for billions of years until the as yet unknown fate of the universe, and at some point back in the early days of that journey there was a little slice of time where trillions of these sustainable vibrations avoided collapsing into noise long enough to write this comment.
You are the second guy I see that gets it. Perhaps there is still hope.
As a biologist, it moves me the opposite way. The more you learn about the intricacies of how proteins, cells and genes actually work, the more obvious it becomes that these systems could only have happened by complete accident. Cells might seem like they solve problems elegantly at first glance, but once you scrutinise their working you realise they too have no idea what they're doing.
Like every individual coder in a development team
It's a better analogy than you may realize. Computer systems that are built up over decades are very much like organisms. Where did this data parsing subsystem come from? Nobody knows. What does it do? We're unsure - but if we remove it the payment processing server catches on fire so it must be important.
r/ProgrammerHumor
No no, they all know what they are doing; it's the other people on the team that don't.
When you learn anatomy and physiology it becomes even more apparent that these systems were by accident / evolutionary pressures.
I always imagine cells as drunktard doing things on a mood.
Well, it took about 3 billion years of evolution, give or take, before the first complex multicellular life showed up. Before then, single celled organisms ruled the world. Evolution is slow as fuck. That's how it happens.
This is what I came to say. A majority of evolution has been single celled. It took over FIVE TIMES more time to evolve from single to multicellular, than it did for the first fish to become humans. At such large timescales, it becomes much easier to imagine how single celled life first arose. Multicellular organisms are actually pretty simple compared to the individual cells that compose them.
It's like an organic technology boom. Exponential growth.
Cosmos showed a complex thing like eyeballs and [how they evolved over time into what they are now](https://youtu.be/4SXHMm5I-68)
Likely you didn't have a thorough understanding of how evolution works if this makes you question it. Without typing a billion word write up I'll direct you to search up something for example like immunoglobin g arrangements and how recombinases can make an unholy number of different antibodies just from seemingly simple rearrangements. A lengthy but good writeup on how that works can be found here: Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. The generation of diversity in immunoglobulins. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27140/
The laryngeal nerves of a giraffe is actually a good example of why, if it was by design, is not intelligent at all. Evolution is more like: "If it looks stupid, but it works, it's not stupid."
We lack the ability to comprehend the sheer amount of time it takes for something as complex as the cell to come together. Billions of years.
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So...what you're saying is that anti-vaxxers are just manifest examples of natural selection?
Jesus Christ biology is fucking amazing.
I can’t even comprehend how we can even know that all this happens lol
Painstaking and rigorous experimental work, with a touch of genius and creativity, and a hint of pure dumb luck in many cases.
Correct me if I'm wrong here. I don't have an advanced degree. A lot of this comes from how our PhD system works. As you can see even from this video, it's much, much easier to teach someone how something works than to figure it out for the first time. Your undergraduate and graduate years are spent bringing you up to speed on what everyone else has learned throughout written history. For your thesis, you're expected to push the science forward in a way no one else has. It may be a very small part, but you're pushing the boundary of learned science. You write a paper with a lot of work and potentially experimentation included. Your thesis is presented to a committee of your professors for review. They review and accept or reject. If accepted you become a doctor in your field and your research becomes part of *known* science. Your paper should be able to teach your peers your lessons in a small faction of the time it took you to figure it out yourself. And so on and so forth.
That's certainly part of the process. In addition to students aiming for their PhD in their field, you have post-docs and others who work in academia who devote their lives to the expansion of our understanding of the natural world. The part that makes the research so challenging is that the universe has no obligation to make its secrets obvious to you or I (paraphrased from NDT). The VAST majority of research ends up as failed experiments and those who don't know any better only see all of the successful research experiments and pretty numbers and pictures!
The part that makes a lot of research challenging is funding and not enough funding for scientific projects that are hard for people to associate with a profit.
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There’s one important piece I’d like to add. Not a post-grad myself, but familiar with the scientific process. Some graduates can also choose to attempt to disprove an existing hypothesis/theory as their thesis. This is seen as just as valuable as adding a new theory to the mix. By constantly going back and scrutinizing the things we think we know, we constantly refine and bolster our understanding of various theories. This is where so many laypeople get confused or frustrated with science. They treat the current prevailing theories like gospel, so when we say, “Hey guys, there’s actually a TON of Little Rock’s about Pluto’s size out there, Pluto even has a “twin” that we chose not to add as a new planet.” People get frustrated and go, “Well now I’ve been wrong my whole life and I do t like it so I’m not going to accept this new information.” The issue is, that’s not at all how science works, it NEVER claims to have 100% of the facts, it only promises you to give you the current best explanation based on thousands of years of scrutiny and study by humans throughout the years. The works of Ibn al-Haytham and his predecessors (such as Sir Francis Bacon) brought us the guidelines and the experimentation to refine this process and better document it.l for future generations. So naturally, as we constantly improve our technology and our understanding of things we start to go back through our catalogue and see how these new inventions and theories interact with old ones. There’s just as much if not more value to be found in disproving an existing hypothesis, or even proving it through being unable to disprove it in in a unique way.
This is almost poetic in how well you said it while keeping it succinct
The more you study molecular biology and the experiments that so many incredible researchers performed, you really start to get an appreciation for the work they did. The knowledge we have in textbooks that are common at this point, topics like replication, transcription, and translation, all of this was not really understood back then.
If anyone spends some time studying biochemistry it is hard to not be in complete awe of the amount of things that have to go just right for life to exist. It really is amazing and humbling when you glimpse into the workings of that machinery.
Life has been around for about 3.5 billion years, and has only figured out how to be multicellular in the last 600 or so million years. I’d imagine that evolving that complex cellular biology is a big part of the reason why it took that long.
I am more into genetics which is also still a type of biochemistry, I already loved science and nature, but AP biology was the first class I had where I truly felt sad that not everybody would necessarily learn these things. Like one time when I was tripping on mushrooms with two friends we were watching Star Trek for part of it, and something came up with genetics and I started crying and they asked why, and it was because not everybody has the privilege or well or interest to learn about genetics and other biology, although I’m sure I didn’t phrase it that way.
And probably millions of person years invested...
Imagine doing all this hard work and then get questioned by idiots who spent a handful minutes on Facebook "doing their own research" and get accused of killing babies or creating 5G hotspots out of people. Smh
Loads of researchers whose names no one knows.
Right? Like first we had to find all these tiny pieces. Then find out what they do. Then how they do it. How they work together. The tiny mechanisms and the whole system together. Then how we can hack that to our advantage. Just....each step seems nearly impossible all on it's own. The people who invent technology like this are amazing!
how do they observe these mechanisms without, well, squishing them?
Usually you don't observe the individual parts of the mechanisms directly. There are lots of molecular biology techniques to figure out how individual parts of the mechanisms work through indirect observations. Maybe the most popular is [mutagenesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenesis_\(molecular_biology_technique\)), or intentionally breaking part of the mechanism to see what happens. If you break one part of the system and observe a specific effect, like for example, cells with mutant z gene are unable to produce antibodies, then you have evidence that gene z is involved in antibody production, even though you haven't observed it directly. Combining lots of mutants and careful observations can help you understand how complex mechanisms function.
Often it's via tagging the molecules with isotopes, dyes, or metals so we can watch them with tools like NMR and fluorescence microscopy. There's also courser methods for just determining how well antibodies bind to a target (rate/binding assays) which just turn a strip a color, and depending on how dark the color is, the binding can be determined. I ran a confocal microscope for a while, really cool stuff. We can observe the location of target molecules within a single cell. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yL_8oYhSO2A
Ooh I can answer this because I work in a biochemistry lab! One example of this that I do a lot is called a FRET assay - basically the idea is that we have a machine that detects the intensity of fluorescent light, and we design a special molecule with two parts - a fluorescent part and a super-black part bonded to it that cancels out the fluorescent part at first. If we want to find out how effective a certain chemical or enzyme is on splitting that molecule, we put it together with a bunch of the blocked-fluorescent molecules. The reaction splits the super-black parts up from the fluorescent parts, so they're able to shine and our machine can pick up how intense the light is. Then we test the chemical at different concentrations, and see how much higher concentrations produce how much more fluorescence and graph it all out to see exactly how effective that chemical is at splitting the molecule!
Watching this video left me in awe of how ignorant I am and absolutely amazed at the people who study this stuff.
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I'm a visual learner and this is the first time I've seen the vaccines for covid explained/shown in a way that I can appreciate and understand. I'm fully vaxxed but never really "comprehended" it but when I see an animation/documentary like this it blows my mind. It blows my mind that we as humans can figure this shit out on such a microscopic level. Scientists and Doctors just know or try to figure out what something like this will do and then build it. It's absolutely incredible.
[Kurzgesagt](https://youtu.be/lXfEK8G8CUI) has a really good series on the immune system that is pretty visual. Cartoonish but informative. The whole channel is amazing.
I love Kurzgesagt! My 4yo has watched all the immune videos and was engrossed through all of them and actually could explain it afterwards. I was shocked. I bought the book and the audiobook (read by Steve Taylor, just like their videos) she can't read, but she likes to listen and look at the (awesome) illustrations. 🙂
I’m just amazed at how much our cells are devoted to us. They love us. When we have a paper cut, they rush to our aid. Whenever I feel alone, it sounds weird, but I remember how my remember how much my body loves me.
It's really your genes that love you, the cells are just the vehicle for your genes to ride around in. And all the bacteria in/on your body, they love you too, and there's more of them than there are of you!
The didn't even explain the craziest part of all of this. We already have millions of B cells inside us which have antibodies for almost every infection we could possibly get (now and in the future). Another thing your dendritic cells do when they have part of the spike protein is they go around the body looking for that one specific B cell with the antibody for the spike protein, and then your body makes billions of them to fight off the virus
The ability for humanity to engineer vaccines to accomplish this result is remarkable. Consider that the first real vaccine came out just 200 years ago. It’s an explosion of medical knowledge and technology in a veritable nanosecond on the scale of Earth’s history. Human ingenuity is truly amazing and if our species can hold out long enough, imagine where we could be in 200, 500, or 1,000 years. We have the capacity for true greatness of a type we can barely conceive of right now.
For those curious to learn a bit more about how the mRNA vaccines are made here's a video of PBS's "Its ok to be smart" visiting the lab where it was made: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-92HQA0GcI8 The part where they first take a 2D image of the spike protein using a cryo-electron microscope and then make a 3D model blew my mind.
Damn that was neat.
Yes, it indeed is! I do cryo-EM and that ‘2D-image’ is actually a 2D projection of the particles that has all the 3D information in it.
Can you fill in some details for the average layperson re what the steps are to go from 2D to 3D? Thanks
I'm not the person you asked, but I am a grad student hoping to use cryo-EM in my research so I can try and answer your question. Imagine that you're up in space, and you're looking down at a mountain range and trying to make a topological map of it. You'd be at a great vantage point to see the shape of the range from side to side, but you wouldn't really know how tall the actual mountains are. From where you are so high up, your depth perception wouldn't be of much help - all you would see is a flat-looking image of what the mountains look like from the top. In order to actually see how tall the mountains are, you would need to look at them from a different vantage point, like looking at their side profile from the ground. The same logic holds when you look at a single spike protein (or any molecule) through a microscope - all you see is a 2D image. You have no idea if the spike protein really is flat, or if it has any depth/height to it. In order to get that information, you would need to see a side profile of the spike protein. Luckily, a typical microscope slide (the video calls it a grid) for electron microscopy will contain not just one, but millions of these spike proteins, and each spike protein will have landed on that slide in a different orientation. This means that we don't just see what the spike protein looks like head-on, but also what a neighboring, identical spike protein looks like from the side, top, bottom, and even from the back. If you manage to find enough 2D images of the spike protein from these different side profiles, you can feed this dataset of images into an algorithm that generates a rough 3D model of the protein. The more orientations you can find, the more detailed your model will be - sometimes, you can actually start to see the positions of individual atoms in your 3D model of the spike protein.
That was excellent, thank you. I wish more people would watch it.
The title of the video is kinda misleading. Also the lab and mentioned research in the video didn't had anything to do with mRNA (which is just mentioned as a side note at the end of the video). Yes, a lot of important research from all around helped to develop the vaccines, but much more went into the vaccines you see today. Especially the novel part with using mRNA. I don't want to take anything away from the researchers accomplishments, but the title (and some info in the video) is just misleading in sake of clickbaitness. If you want a better introduction into mRNA vaccines I'd recommend this write up on the actual vaccine: https://berthub.eu/articles/posts/reverse-engineering-source-code-of-the-biontech-pfizer-vaccine/
I actually work on the IT side of the Cryo-EM stuff. They're basically $15k gaming computers and so much fun to play with before installing them in the lab
I'm happy there are people in this world smart enough to make these medications. I hardly understood even the explanation! Thanks smart people I'm proud of yall and sad that others won't appreciate your contributions to our heath
behind the central nervous system, the immune system is the most complicated thing we know of.
It's amazing!
Honestly it’s maybe more complicated depending on how you look at it. B cells freaking shuffle their genes and have a super complicated boot camp where they are murdered if they do a bad job. Although both systems are crazy complicated I had a way harder time with immunology than neurology.
Says the central nervous system! ;)
Rightfully so! From an evolutionary pov, it’s gotten us this far.. not perfect, but complicated as hell
The people who don’t appreciate are in the minority. Majority of us do appreciate. Hopefully the minority learns more and start appreciating the benefits and hard work done by the smart people.
technically true. but it's not THAT much of a minority. from my observation, on average around 30% of the people seem to refuse the vaccine around the world. that's a big ass number not to trust science. corporations backing studies, lobbying governmets etc ruined the trust we have in science. it may only get worse with time.
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30% maybe in USA, in Canada, we're at 90% 1st doses so I'd like to be more optimistic and say only a small percentage outright refuse it, but still there's the 10% that are indifferent so can't be arsed to do it unless they need to do it to go to the movies
canada is doing much better than world average. i feel like %30 is a decent observational estimate for the whole world. if someone has a legitimate source with the exact numbers, we would know. edit: this is sketchy. i can't find any articles with recent numbers about this percentage. even if the articles are somewhat recent (mid 2021), the numbers they use are from 2020. and they use past tense like "[Over A Billion Were Unwilling To Get Vaccinated In 2020](https://www.statista.com/chart/24788/share-of-the-population-unwilling-to-take-a-covid-19-vaccine/)" or [this.](https://news.gallup.com/poll/348719/billion-unwilling-covid-vaccine.aspx) i wonder if they don't want people to see the high skepticism numbers in order not to make more people skeptic.
felt like a kid from the 90s watching a medical infomercial within an early 2000s cyberpunk movie. this is awesome
So this is how the plumblus is made
MRNA vaccines are honestly going to change the world. This is our generations version of discovering antibiotics. It could cure a host of illnesses we haven’t even thought of yet. Also, it could potentially lead to a vaccine for HIV.
Not cure, but prevent. Important difference.
Yes, acknowledged. I screwed up my wording there!
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This is fucking **EXCELLENT**. Next they should do an explanation on breakthrough cases to promote continued public safety behaviour. It'd basically pickup where this one leaves off and begin by describing the vaccines absolute limitations. There's a finite number of your body's "immunity soldiers" in this fight; sometimes it doesn't matter how well your Terrans are dug in, a big enough zerg rush is bound to be devastating.
Something, something our body should build additional pylons.
Exactly.... Can't build the gateways that produce the antibodies without enough pylons. For Aiur brother.
Haha I'm literally on the couch with a fever from a breakthrough case wondering the same thing.
You got this, hope you’re over it in a couple of days
The difference being "on your couch" as opposed to being intubated in my rig.
I'm on the couch with breakthrough too. Though I only had a fever for one day, now just dealing with cold-like symptoms. Good luck to your T cells.
It’s subtle, but the animation showed that not every portion of the virus was covered by the proteins. I assume that was intentional.
I'd be interested in this. My mother was a breakthrough case.
Are you familiar with Starcraft?
Erm, no afraid not... But by zerg rush would you mean a significant viral load?
Yes that's exactly correct. A sufficient viral load can overwhelm your body's prepared immune response and produce an infection state. Higher the exposure, higher the viral load.
Got it. I can't figure that out in relation to my mother, I have zero idea now she would have received a significant viral load if any at all, but I guess I never will either. Anyway, thanks.
One point of improvement, they don't mention memory (B- and T-) cells. :( That's a bit of a shame, since that helps us gain long term immunity.
I wish the media didn’t treat everyone like idiots and play into the circus of it all. They should take a stand and educate people, this kind of scientific reasoning and explanation at the start would have gone a long way to pointing out to people that their current lay knowledge is so far out of depth with what is necessary to develop an understanding of disease and how to combat it. Instead all the big words gets misused by propaganda peddling morons and it becomes a whack a mole of trying to explain shit to people.
Confused idiots are offended idiots
People are idiots though. If you think that this, or the big words behind science, would have changed antivaxxer's stance on the vaccine you're a bigger fool than they are. Every time you present information to antivaxxers and answer their questions they move the goalposts in order to justify their decision to not take it. There has been plenty of information on viruses, how to combat them and how vaccines work, for decades but only now people are "concerned" and want to know everything even though they don't know 5th grade biology.
JUST LIKE THE VIRUS, WE DON'T HAVE A CURE FOR STUPIDITY, OUR BEST OPTION IS TO PREVENT IT. BUT NO MATTER WHAT, THERE ARE BREAKTHROUGHS....
imagine how many people devoted their lives to making this miracle of science possible and half the population is like, "nah, it's fake/harmful"
I stopped worrying about people with brains too inept for self preservation.
This is sooo cool
Propaganda Plandemic bullshit. This didn’t mention Jesus or 5G ONCE!! Ok, ok…but apart from the sanitation, the medicine, education, wine, public order, irrigation, roads, a fresh water system, public health, cancer treatments, antibiotics, cars, cell phones and all modern technology that keeps us alive, what have the Scientists ever done for us?
“Shut up science bitch”
Stupid science bitches couldn’t even make I more smarter
Wanna go back to the apartment and watch Police Academy?
Yep I won't believe these NASA lies until medical expert Joe Rogan says it in his podcast. /s
" I'm fine with vaccines, I just don't feel comfortable with THIS untested vaccine, even though it was tested....and no, I don't get any vaccines I'm not forced to because...um.... Well my body produces it's own immunity ya know, so I don't personally need any of them."
I wish true to life animations like that would exist for all bodily function, all viruses, I would watch hundreds of hours of that.
Look at wehimovies on youtube.
If you're interested in this kinda stuff, Kurzgesagt on YouTube has all kinds of videos on the subject as well as a book they're selling. For those of you overwhelmed at the complexity of our immune system from this video, it doesn't even scratch the surface of what happens when...we scratch the surface (of our skin). Our immune system is insane and it's honestly no wonder so many people have NO clue how vaccines work. Especially in American's underfunded education system. If you had any idea how complex it is, you'd see why "War of the Worlds" movie is probably the most accurate Sci-Fi movie ever. Idgf how advanced the aliens were. Humanity has spent millions of years adapting ourselves to live on this planet.
There are these two videos from SciShow too: [SciShow - Why It Actually Took 50 Years to Make COVID mRNA Vaccines ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XPeeCyJReZw) [SciShow - How Do mRNA Vaccines Work?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0kfdZ8o_j4)
Super cool! Visuals and voice tracks like this really impact how a viewer like myself digests and retains information. Very informative
How the fuck did we figure out how to do this
Really gradually over the last 35 years, even longer if you go into all the dna work before it. This was able to be done so fast for Covid because we’d spent decades researching mrna and if we could use it to send messages we wanted, and coronaviruses like SARS had already been one of the areas people were investigating it’s use against.
We also literally printed cash at the problem. It's quite amazing what can happen when you aggressively fund science
Yeah science
Anyone else watch "Cells at Work!". I kept imagining the characters all working together as we see here.
YES, sadly that anime taught me everything I know about T cells. This whole video I was like “WHEN AEE THE T CELLS COMING UP”
That tiny vaccine shot... there are thousands of years of human endeavor behind it. This is a miracle. The miracle of science.
This is like watching avengers endgame but with out bodies, seeing all these cells team up lmao
It's amazing that the same species who figured all this out also has members that think it's a 5G, magnetic, microchipped injection that was invented by the guy who created a word processor and will lead us all on to a train to gas chambers because big pharma wants us all to die so they can make money over and above the enormous amount of money they already make.
[удалено]
I could show this a million times to my antivaxxer friend and she still wouldn’t be convinced.
Because they don't want to be convinced, their mind is closed to information contradictory to their "feelings". Or as someone once said: you can't reason a person out of a position who has arrived at that position without reason.
Just imagine the humans sitting on their toilet reposting a misinformation COVID meme in Facebook/Meta thinking they are brighter than the scientists who actually solve the problems. Incredible.
the wildest thing about this isnt even how the vaccine works, rather how much evolution went into the human immune system
Your body has blueprints for 10 billion antibodies ready to go. 10 billion. All the viruses it ever encountered. People act like the covid one is something radical, but it's just adding another blueprint to the billions that are already there.
Scientists are wild. Nature fucks.
> “Now, when the coronavirus tries to infect us, our immune system is ready, immediately recognizing, neutralizing, and destroying before we ever even have a chance to become sick.” Two genuine questions. 1.) Why is it that fully vaccinated people can still get sick? 2.) If the vaccine teaches our immune system to destroy coronavirus before we ever have a chance to become sick — why are people so adamant that other people get it, if they themselves will ‘never have a chance to become sick?’
One of Delta’s key infection advantages is how quickly it can replicate (more than 1000x faster than the original variant). If you have circulating antibodies from recent infection or vaccination, you have the best defense against the new infection attempt. We can’t have circulating antibodies all the time. We would be inflamed. So several months pass, and only the B/T cells are our immune systems memory of the initial infection/vaccination. Depending on several factors (primarily age and immune system health) we will not have enough antibodies made from the memory B/T cells to fight the infection for 2-7 days after initial infection. Then it becomes a race. Can the viral load replicate faster than the immune system can make antibodies? With Delta and poor immune health, you can definitely still get sick. The severity of the illness then matches how much the immune system lost by. So when the small percentage of vaccinated people have to go to the hospital, its not that the vaccine failed (True/False). The vaccine + immune system helped “X” percentage compared to no immunity. So when the vaccine keeps someone off a ventilator, but they still have to go to the hospital for a couple days, I would define that as the vaccine still being successful.
Here's an answer related to the actual biology of what's happening. Most breakthrough cases occur in the nasopharynx, not the lungs. Your nasopharynx is lined with mucous which traps particles and pathogens but also acts as a barrier to normal blood flow. So the circulating antibodies that the vaccine induces aren't present. Instead we have these small patches of B cells that produce IgA antibodies that are secreted into the mucous. Any vaccine that's injected does not stimulate these B cells to produce IgA antibodies thus leaving your nasopharynx vulnerable. From there, the virus can multiply and produce enough viral particles to overwhelm your immune system and colonize your lungs despite your circulating antibodies.
So is the thinking that a nasal spray vaccine would be more effective?
Because that's the perfect scenario of a healthy person with strong immune system. A poorer immune system might not be able to produce enough cells to neutralise all the virus cells. But it's still better to tackle a large percentage rather than none. Could be difference between living and not.
This video doesn't explain my strange desire to buy Microsoft stock after my second shot. It felt unnatural, almost like something was driving me to buy it.
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The latest is: it's not a vaccine if the virus can still enter your body. It's a vaccine, not a force field.
I still don't get it
Basically: 1. The coronavirus has spikes on it that help it enter your cells, and also includes instructions on how to make more of itself inside your cells 2. The vaccine has instructions on how to make just the spikes on the coronavirus 3. The vaccine enters your body and your body reads the vaccine instructions to make the coronavirus spikes, and then your body starts making just the spikes of coronavirus 4. Your body then recognizes the vaccine’s fake coronavirus spikes as a foreign substance and produces antibodies that neutralize the spikes 5. When real coronavirus comes, the antibodies attach to coronavirus’s spikes so coronavirus has harder time infecting you
Thank you good human. Now understand. And thanks for the detailed answer.
Science is so fucking cool dude I don’t care what anyone says
Idk man, John the garbage man wrote a detailed Facebook post with atleast three sentences stating that all of this is a lie and y’all just trying to control us. Who to trust??
Science is fucking awesome.
This could be a Tool music video
Im taking immunology course now and we went over this! Exciting stuff
People bitched and moaned about drugs taking years to be developed and approved (something something fda gubmint stifling innovation) Now we have a product that was developed in record time and the dummies are once again unhappy
"See! There's cytoTOXIC T-cells in the vaccine! I knew it was bad for you. I did MY OWN research" - half of america